David’s Last Words

2 Samuel 23:1-7 NLT
David’s Last Words
^23:1 These are the last words of David:
“David, the son of Jesse, speaks—
David, the man who was raised up so high,
David, the man anointed by the God of Jacob,
David, the sweet psalmist of Israel.
² “The Spirit of the Lord speaks through me;
his words are upon my tongue.
³ The God of Israel spoke.
The Rock of Israel said to me:
‘The one who rules righteously,
who rules in the fear of God,
⁴ is like the light of morning at sunrise,
like a morning without clouds,
like the gleaming of the sun
on new grass after rain.’
⁵ “Is it not my family God has chosen?
Yes, he has made an everlasting covenant with me.
His agreement is arranged and guaranteed in every detail.
He will ensure my safety and success.
⁶ But the godless are like thorns to be thrown away,
for they tear the hand that touches them.
⁷ One must use iron tools to chop them down;
they will be totally consumed by fire.”

Examine the Scriptures

2 Samuel 23:1-7 NLT
David’s Last Words 

^23:1 These are the last words of David:

David’s “last words” were not necessarily the last words he actually spoke.

Most likely his last words were recorded in 1 Kings Chapter 2.

1 Kings 2:1-10 NLT
David’s Final Instructions to Solomon
^2:1 As the time of King David’s death approached, he gave this charge to his son Solomon:
² “I am going where everyone on earth must someday go. Take courage and be a man. ³ Observe the requirements of the Lord your God, and follow all his ways. Keep the decrees, commands, regulations, and laws written in the Law of Moses so that you will be successful in all you do and wherever you go. ⁴ If you do this, then the Lord will keep the promise he made to me. He told me, ‘If your descendants live as they should and follow me faithfully with all their heart and soul, one of them will always sit on the throne of Israel.’
⁵ “And there is something else. You know what Joab son of Zeruiah did to me when he murdered my two army commanders, Abner son of Ner and Amasa son of Jether. He pretended that it was an act of war, but it was done in a time of peace,
^a staining his belt and sandals with innocent blood. ⁶ Do with him what you think best, but don’t let him grow old and go to his grave in peace.
⁷ “Be kind to the sons of Barzillai of Gilead. Make them permanent guests at your table, for they took care of me when I fled from your brother Absalom.
⁸ “And remember Shimei son of Gera, the man from Bahurim in Benjamin. He cursed me with a terrible curse as I was fleeing to Mahanaim. When he came down to meet me at the Jordan River, I swore by the Lord that I would not kill him. ⁹ But that oath does not make him innocent. You are a wise man, and you will know how to arrange a bloody death for him.”
¹⁰ Then David died and was buried with his ancestors in the City of David.

• These “last words” of David were most likely his final formal, Spirit-inspired declaration to Israel. 

Many scholars view this passage of scripture as David’s final poetic oracle (a prophetic speech from the king), similar in tone and structure to a psalm. 

“David, the son of Jesse, speaks— 

David as a boy.

1 Samuel 16:10-11, 13 NLT
¹⁰ In the same way all seven of Jesse’s sons were presented to Samuel. But Samuel said to Jesse, “The Lord has not chosen any of these.” ¹¹ Then Samuel asked, “Are these all the sons you have?”
“There is still the youngest,” Jesse replied. “But he’s out in the fields watching the sheep and goats.” 

¹³ So as David stood there among his brothers, Samuel took the flask of olive oil he had brought and anointed David with the oil. And the Spirit of the Lord came powerfully upon David from that day on.

When Samuel came to anoint the next king, Jesse didn’t even bring David at first. He was considered the least likely in the family.

• • • David was youngest of eight sons. (1 Samuel 16:10)

• • • David was not considered important enough to attend the sacrifice (the celebration) with Samuel, Jesse, and his older brothers.

• • • David was out tending the sheep.

This shows David began life in humble obscurity.

• David began life in humble obscurity. 

David, the man who was raised up so high,

David became the king of Israel.

David, the man anointed by the God of Jacob,

• David was anointed by God to be the king of Israel. (1 Samuel 16)

1 Samuel 13:14 NLT
¹⁴ But now your (Saul) kingdom must end, for the Lord has sought out a man after his own heart (David). The Lord has already appointed him to be the leader of his people, because you have not kept the Lord’s command.”

Those in positions of authority have been placed there by God.

Daniel 2:21 NLT
²¹ He (God) controls the course of world events;
he removes kings and sets up other kings.
He gives wisdom to the wise
and knowledge to the scholars. 

Romans 13:1 NLT
^13:1 Everyone must submit to governing authorities. For all authority comes from God, and those in positions of authority have been placed there by God.

John 19:11
Jesus to Pilate:
¹¹ Then Jesus said, “You would have no power over me at all unless it were given to you from above. So the one who handed me over to you has the greater sin.” 

• It was God who enabled David to rule righteously.

David ruled as an agent of God. 

• Those in positions of authority have been placed there by God. 

David, the sweet psalmist of Israel.

• David was not only a king, he was a musician and poet.

David wrote about half of the psalms in the book of Psalms.

• David identifies himself as a poetically gifted king of Israel. 

² “The Spirit of the Lord speaks through me;

David was aware of God’s Spirit at work in him enabling him to speak under the Spirit’s guidance. 

his words are upon my tongue.

David describes himself as a prophet, whose songs and wise sayings come from God.

2 Peter 1:20-21 NLT
²⁰ Above all, you must realize that no prophecy in Scripture ever came from the prophet’s own understanding, ²¹ or from human initiative. No, those prophets were moved by the Holy Spirit, and they spoke from God.

Acts 1:16 NLT
¹⁶ “Brothers,” he said, “the Scriptures had to be fulfilled concerning Judas, who guided those who arrested Jesus. This was predicted long ago by the Holy Spirit, speaking through King David.

Acts 4:25 NLT (Quoting Psalm 2:1-2)
²⁵ you spoke long ago by the Holy Spirit through our ancestor David, your servant, saying,
‘Why were the nations so angry?
Why did they waste their time with futile plans?
²⁶ The kings of the earth prepared for battle;
the rulers gathered together
against the Lord
and against his Messiah.

• The Spirit of the Lord spoke to David and through him to the nation of Israel. 

³ The God of Israel spoke.
The Rock of Israel said to me:

The Rock of Israel

‘The one who rules righteously,
who rules in the fear of God, 

• A ruler is to rule righteously.

A good ruler acts with justice, fairness, and moral integrity. 

• A ruler is to rule in the fear of God, recognizing God’s ultimate authority.

⁴ is like the light of morning at sunrise,
like a morning without clouds,
like the gleaming of the sun
on new grass after rain.’

• David stated that a king who rules as an agent of God is “like the light of morning at sunrise
  on a cloudless morning” and “like the brightness after rain
  that brings grass from the earth”.

This gives us a reason to pray for our president.

1 Timothy 2:1-2 NLT
^2:1 I urge you, first of all, to pray for all people. Ask God to help them; intercede on their behalf, and give thanks for them. ² Pray this way for kings and all who are in authority so that we can live peaceful and quiet lives marked by godliness and dignity. 

⁵ “Is it not my family God has chosen?

Yes, he has made an everlasting covenant with me.

See chapter 7:12-16

2 Samuel 7:12-16 NLT
⁸ “Now go and say to my servant David, ‘This is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has declared: I took you from tending sheep in the pasture and selected you to be the leader of my people Israel. ⁹ I have been with you wherever you have gone, and I have destroyed all your enemies before your eyes. Now I will make your name as famous as anyone who has ever lived on the earth! ¹⁰ And I will provide a homeland for my people Israel, planting them in a secure place where they will never be disturbed. Evil nations won’t oppress them as they’ve done in the past, ¹¹ starting from the time I appointed judges to rule my people Israel. And I will give you rest from all your enemies. 

“‘Furthermore, the Lord declares that he will make a house for you—a dynasty of kings! ¹² For when you die and are buried with your ancestors, I will raise up one of your descendants, your own offspring, and I will make his kingdom strong. ¹³ He is the one who will build a house—a temple—for my name. And I will secure his royal throne forever. ¹⁴ I will be his father, and he will be my son. If he sins, I will correct and discipline him with the rod, like any father would do. ¹⁵ But my favor will not be taken from him as I took it from Saul, whom I removed from your sight. ¹⁶ Your house and your kingdom will continue before me for all time, and your throne will be secure forever.’”

•  God’s covenant with David points beyond David to the future Messianic King, Jesus Christ—the perfect righteous ruler.

Jesus is the everlasting king who is the “son of David”.

Matthew 1:1 NLT
¹ This is a record of the ancestors of Jesus the Messiah, a descendant of David and of Abraham:

Psalm 89:29, 34-37
²⁹ I will preserve an heir for him;
his throne will be as endless as the days of heaven. 

³⁴ No, I will not break my covenant;
I will not take back a single word I said.
³⁵ I have sworn an oath to David,
and in my holiness I cannot lie:
³⁶ His dynasty will go on forever;
his kingdom will endure as the sun.
³⁷ It will be as eternal as the moon,
my faithful witness in the sky!”  

His agreement is arranged and guaranteed in every detail.

He will ensure my safety and success. 

• David believes and trusts God’s covenant.

• God’s promises stand.

In contrast:

⁶ But the godless are like thorns to be thrown away,
for they tear the hand that touches them.
⁷ One must use iron tools to chop them down;
they will be totally consumed by fire.”

The enemies of God will be cast aside in judgment.

Matthew 13:30 NLT
³⁰ Let both grow together until the harvest. Then I will tell the harvesters to sort out the weeds, tie them into bundles, and burn them, and to put the wheat in the barn.’”

Matthew 13:41 NLT
⁴¹ The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will remove from his Kingdom everything that causes sin and all who do evil. 

Psalm 1:4-5 NLT
⁴ But not the wicked!
They are like worthless chaff, scattered by the wind.
⁵ They will be condemned at the time of judgment.
Sinners will have no place among the godly. 

Psalm 2:9 ( Speaking about nations who plot against the Lord.)
⁹ You will break them with an iron rod
and smash them like clay pots.’” 

• God’s kingdom brings blessing to the righteous but judgment on the unrepentant.

 

David’s Psalm of Thanksgiving

Introduction:

David’s Psalm of Thanksgiving

Thanksgiving

(Giving Thanks)

This lesson is our final look at David’s Psalm of Thanksgiving found in 2 Samuel 22:1-51.

David’s song is a song of praise and thanksgiving to God. (Also found in Psalm 18:1-50)

A song of worship to the Lord.

2 Samuel 22:31-51 is the concluding section of David’s Song.

David closes his song by celebrating the character of God, the power God extended to him, and the victories God granted.

David sings about God’s perfect character and His divine enablement.

God’s divine resources were made available to David (and are also available to us).

Our focus today will be on the things mentioned in this passage that we should be thankful for.

Giving thanks.

A quick look at the introduction of another of David’s Psalm of Thanks.

1 Chronicles 16:8-12 NLT
⁸Give thanks to the Lord and proclaim his greatness.
Let the whole world know what he has done.
⁹Sing to him; yes, sing his praises.
Tell everyone about his wonderful deeds.
¹⁰Exult in his holy name;
rejoice, you who worship the Lord.
¹¹Search for the Lord and for his strength;
continually seek him.
¹²Remember the wonders he has performed,
his miracles, and the rulings he has given,

A call to praise and remember the Lord’s mighty works.

This is a good set-up for today’s passage, 2 Samuel 22:31-51.

David’s Psalm of Thanksgiving

2 Samuel 22:31-51 NLT

³¹ “God’s way is perfect.
All the Lord’s promises prove true.
He is a shield for all who look to him for protection.
³² For who is God except the Lord?
Who but our God is a solid rock?
³³ God is my strong fortress,
and he makes my way perfect.
³⁴ He makes me as surefooted as a deer,
enabling me to stand on mountain heights.
³⁵ He trains my hands for battle;
he strengthens my arm to draw a bronze bow.
³⁶ You have given me your shield of victory;
your help has made me great.
³⁷ You have made a wide path for my feet
to keep them from slipping.
³⁸ “I chased my enemies and destroyed them;
I did not stop until they were conquered.
³⁹ I consumed them;
I struck them down so they did not get up;
they fell beneath my feet.
⁴⁰ You have armed me with strength for the battle;
you have subdued my enemies under my feet.
⁴¹ You placed my foot on their necks.
I have destroyed all who hated me.
⁴² They looked for help, but no one came to their rescue.
They even cried to the Lord, but he refused to answer.
⁴³ I ground them as fine as the dust of the earth;
I trampled them in the gutter like dirt.
⁴⁴ “You gave me victory over my accusers.
You preserved me as the ruler over nations;
people I don’t even know now serve me.
⁴⁵ Foreign nations cringe before me;
as soon as they hear of me, they submit.
⁴⁶ They all lose their courage
and come trembling from their strongholds.
⁴⁷ “The Lord lives! Praise to my Rock!
May God, the Rock of my salvation, be exalted!
⁴⁸ He is the God who pays back those who harm me;
he brings down the nations under me
⁴⁹     and delivers me from my enemies.
You hold me safe beyond the reach of my enemies;
you save me from violent opponents.
⁵⁰ For this, O Lord, I will praise you among the nations;
I will sing praises to your name.
⁵¹ You give great victories to your king;
you show unfailing love to your anointed,
to David and all his descendants forever.”

Examine the Scriptures

David’s Psalm of Thanksgiving

2 Samuel 22:31-51 NLT

³¹ “God’s way is perfect.

Deuteronomy 32:3-4 NLT
³ I will proclaim the name of the Lord;
how glorious is our God!
⁴ He is the Rock; his deeds are perfect.
Everything he does is just and fair.
He is a faithful God who does no wrong;
how just and upright he is!

• God’s way is perfect.

His actions, His timing, His decisions, and His methods are flawless. 

All the Lord’s promises prove true.

Some of God’s promises to David:

2 Samuel 7:8-16 NLT
The heart of the Davidic Covenant
⁸ “Now go and say to my servant David, ‘This is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has declared: I took you from tending sheep in the pasture and selected you to be the leader of my people Israel. ⁹ I have been with you wherever you have gone, and I have destroyed all your enemies before your eyes. Now I will make your name as famous as anyone who has ever lived on the earth! ¹⁰ And I will provide a homeland for my people Israel, planting them in a secure place where they will never be disturbed. Evil nations won’t oppress them as they’ve done in the past, ¹¹ starting from the time I appointed judges to rule my people Israel. And I will give you rest from all your enemies.
“‘Furthermore, the Lord declares that he will make a house for you—a dynasty of kings! ¹² For when you die and are buried with your ancestors, I will raise up one of your descendants, your own offspring, and I will make his kingdom strong. ¹³ He is the one who will build a house—a temple—for my name. And I will secure his royal throne forever. ¹⁴ I will be his father, and he will be my son. If he sins, I will correct and discipline him with the rod, like any father would do. ¹⁵ But my favor will not be taken from him as I took it from Saul, whom I removed from your sight. ¹⁶ Your house and your kingdom will continue before me for all time, and your throne will be secure forever.’”

• All the LORD’s promises prove true.

Numbers 23:19 NLT
¹⁹ God is not a man, so he does not lie.
He is not human, so he does not change his mind.
Has he ever spoken and failed to act?
Has he ever promised and not carried it through?

Hebrews 6:18 NLT
¹⁸ So God has given both his promise and his oath. These two things are unchangeable because it is impossible for God to lie.  

He is a shield for all who look to him for protection.

Psalm 28:7 NLT
⁷ The Lord is my strength and shield.
I trust him with all my heart.
He helps me, and my heart is filled with joy.
I burst out in songs of thanksgiving.

Proverbs 30:5 NLT
⁵ Every word of God proves true.
He is a shield to all who come to him for protection. 

• God is a shield for all who look to him for protection. 

³² For who is God except the Lord?

There is no other God.

    Who but our God is a solid rock?

Isaiah 44:6 NLT
⁶ This is what the Lord says—Israel’s King and Redeemer, the Lord of Heaven’s Armies:
“I am the First and the Last;
there is no other God.

Isaiah 44:8 NLT
⁸ Do not tremble; do not be afraid.
Did I not proclaim my purposes for you long ago?
You are my witnesses—is there any other God?
No! There is no other Rock—not one!”

Isaiah 45:21 NLT
²¹ …
    For there is no other God but me,
a righteous God and Savior.
There is none but me.

• Only the LORD (Yahweh) is truly God. There is no other. No one compares with Him. Only He deserves our worship, trust, and obedience.

LORD – Yahweh – YHWH 

³³ God is my strong fortress,
and he makes my way perfect. 

Other translations:

many say perfect

some say blameless

some say upright

some say safe

He makes my way:    straight

                                     safe

                                    upright.

He leads me:            toward righteousness

                                    toward obedience

 He helps me:          mature

live faithfully

• God shapes our character. 

³⁴ He makes me as surefooted as a deer,
enabling me to stand on mountain heights.
³⁵ He trains my hands for battle;
he strengthens my arm to draw a bronze bow.

A bow of bronze would be powerful, but difficult to draw

³⁶ You have given me your shield of victory;
your help has made me great.
³⁷ You have made a wide path for my feet
to keep them from slipping.

God equipped David.

• God equips us to deal with life’s battles.

God strengthens His people and prepares them for the battles they must face. 

³⁸ “I chased my enemies and destroyed them;
I did not stop until they were conquered.
³⁹ I consumed them;
I struck them down so they did not get up;
they fell beneath my feet.
⁴⁰ You have armed me with strength for the battle;
you have subdued my enemies under my feet.
⁴¹ You placed my foot on their necks.
I have destroyed all who hated me.

• God gives us victory over our enemies. 

God strengthens His people and prepares them for the hardships they must face. 

⁴² They looked for help, but no one came to their rescue.
They even cried to the Lord, but he refused to answer.
⁴³ I ground them as fine as the dust of the earth;
I trampled them in the gutter like dirt.
⁴⁴ “You gave me victory over my accusers.
You preserved me as the ruler over nations;
people I don’t even know now serve me.
⁴⁵ Foreign nations cringe before me;
as soon as they hear of me, they submit.
⁴⁶ They all lose their courage
and come trembling from their strongholds.

• God despises the wicked. 

⁴⁷ “The Lord lives! Praise to my Rock!
May God, the Rock of my salvation, be exalted!
⁴⁸ He is the God who pays back those who harm me;
he brings down the nations under me
⁴⁹     and delivers me from my enemies.
You hold me safe beyond the reach of my enemies;
you save me from violent opponents.
⁵⁰ For this, O Lord, I will praise you among the nations;
I will sing praises to your name.
⁵¹ You give great victories to your king;
you show unfailing love to your anointed,
to David and all his descendants forever.”

• God is to be exalted.

• God deserves our praise

I will sing praises to your name.

Psalm 145:1-3 NLT
A psalm of praise of David.
¹ I will exalt you, my God and King,
and praise your name forever and ever.
² I will praise you every day;
yes, I will praise you forever.
³ Great is the Lord! He is most worthy of praise!
No one can measure his greatness.

Psalm 113:1-4 NLT
¹ Praise the Lord!
Yes, give praise, O servants of the Lord.
Praise the name of the Lord!
² Blessed be the name of the Lord
now and forever.
³ Everywhere—from east to west—
praise the name of the Lord.
⁴ For the Lord is high above the nations;
his glory is higher than the heavens.

Psalm 18:2-3 NLT (nearly identical to 2 Samuel 22:3-4)
² The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my savior;
my God is my rock, in whom I find protection.
He is my shield, the power that saves me,
and my place of safety.
³ I called on the Lord, who is worthy of praise,
and he saved me from my enemies.

List things we should be thankful for.

God Rewards Righteousness and Punishes Wickedness

Introduction:

This is not a lesson about salvation; rather, this is a lesson about faithful perseverance in godliness.

2 Samuel 22:21-31 NLT
²¹ The Lord rewarded me for doing right;
    he restored me because of my innocence.
²² For I have kept the ways of the Lord;
    I have not turned from my God to follow evil.
²³ I have followed all his regulations;
    I have never abandoned his decrees.
²⁴ I am blameless before God;
    I have kept myself from sin.
²⁵ The Lord rewarded me for doing right.
    He has seen my innocence.
²⁶ “To the faithful you show yourself faithful;
    to those with integrity you show integrity.
²⁷ To the pure you show yourself pure,
    but to the crooked you show yourself shrewd.
²⁸ You rescue the humble,
    but your eyes watch the proud and humiliate them.
²⁹ O Lord, you are my lamp.
    The Lord lights up my darkness.
³⁰ In your strength I can crush an army;
    with my God I can scale any wall.
³¹ “God’s way is perfect.
    All the Lord’s promises prove true.
    He is a shield for all who look to him for protection.

Examine the Scriptures

• God rewards righteousness and punishes wickedness.

This is clearly a Biblical principle:

Isaiah 3:10-11 NLT
¹⁰ Tell the godly that all will be well for them.
They will enjoy the rich reward they have earned!
¹¹ But the wicked are doomed,
for they will get exactly what they deserve.

Psalm 1:6 NLT
⁶ For the Lord watches over the path of the godly,
but the path of the wicked leads to destruction.

Psalm 37:28 NLT
²⁸ For the Lord loves justice,
and he will never abandon the godly.
He will keep them safe forever,
but the children of the wicked will die.

Galatians 6:7-8 NLT
⁷ Don’t be misled—you cannot mock the justice of God. You will always harvest what you plant. ⁸ Those who live only to satisfy their own sinful nature will harvest decay and death from that sinful nature. But those who live to please the Spirit will harvest everlasting life from the Spirit.

Matthew 16:27 NLT
²⁷ For the Son of Man will come with his angels in the glory of his Father and will judge all people according to their deeds.

2 Corinthians 5:10 NLT
¹⁰ For we must all stand before Christ to be judged. We will each receive whatever we deserve for the good or evil we have done in this earthly body.

Our previous lesson ended with 2 Samuel 22:20

2 Samuel 22:20 NLT
²⁰ He led me to a place of safety;
he rescued me because he delights in me.

“He delights in me.”

This expression that the Lord “delights in me” provides a transition to verses 21-28, where David describes the basis of God’s saving deliverance.

David did not suggest that works are necessary for salvation, which is not the issue here. He was say­ing, however, that the benefits of God are often obtained in this life by faithful perseverance in godliness.

 

2 Samuel 22:21-31 NLT

²¹ The Lord rewarded me for doing right;

A few examples of David doing right:

David viewed Saul as God’s appointed king. 

David deeply loved his son Absalom, even though Absalom rebelled against him.

There’s no record of David expressing personal animosity toward Ishbosheth. He didn’t seek vengeance or try to assassinate him.  When Ishbosheth was murdered by two of his own captains, David was deeply displeased, and had them executed.

• David demonstrated moral integrity and respect for the Lord’s anointed line — he refused to advance his own position through treachery or bloodshed. 

 he restored me because of my innocence.

David needed restoration. 

²² For I have kept the ways of the Lord;
    I have not turned from my God to follow evil. 

David kept the ways of the Lord.*

David did not turn to other gods.

²³ I have followed all his regulations;
    I have never abandoned his decrees. 

David followed God’s regulations.*

David valued God’s decrees.

²⁴ I am blameless before God;
    I have kept myself from sin. 

*See comments following v. 25.

²⁵ The Lord rewarded me for doing right.
    He has seen my innocence.

• God honored David’s devotion and integrity.

David is not claiming to be sinless (he knew his failures, like with Bathsheba), but rather that his heart was loyal to God.

The Bible describes David as “a man after God’s own heart” (1 Samuel 13:14; Acts 13:22). That phrase doesn’t mean David was perfect — far from it — but it points to the deep qualities of his inner life and relationship with God.

David lived as a man after God’s heart.

Acts 13:22 NLT
²² But God removed Saul and replaced him with David, a man about whom God said, ‘I have found David son of Jesse, a man after my own heart. He will do everything I want him to do.’

David’s humility after sin showed why he was still a man after God’s heart — he always turned back to God.

• David’s deliverance flowed from his relationship with God—one marked by integrity, repentance, and obedience.

• God values the heart — integrity and faithfulness matter more than outward perfection.

• David lived a life of obedience, repentance, and loyalty to God, even when he failed.

David was not claiming to be righteous or sinless in any absolute sense. Rather David

(1) believed God,

(2) was considered righteous by faith, and

(3) desired to please the Lord and be obedient to His commands.

(4) David recognized that the Lord rewards those who faithfully serve Him.

God re­warded David and showed mercy to him as He does to all who are upright (faithful . . . blameless . . . pure . . . humble). 

²⁶ “To the faithful you show yourself faithful;
    to those with integrity you show integrity.
²⁷ To the pure you show yourself pure,
    but to the crooked you show yourself shrewd. 

Application:

• God honors those who honor Him.

Proverbs 3:9-10 NLT
⁹ Honor the Lord with your wealth,
with the firstfruits of all your crops;
¹⁰ then your barns will be filled to overflowing,
and your vats will brim over with new wine.

John 12:26 NLT
²⁶ Whoever serves me must follow me; and where I am, my servant also will be. My Father will honor the one who serves me.

²⁸ You rescue the humble,
    but your eyes watch the proud and humiliate them. 

David summarizes the contrast between the proud and the humble:

This is a timeless truth echoed in Scripture:

God lifts the humble, those who depend on Him.

God humbles the proud, those who rely on themselves.

• “God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.”

Humility attracts God’s favor, but pride invites His resistance.

James 4:6 NLT
⁶ And he (God) gives grace generously. As the Scriptures say,
“God opposes the proud
but gives grace to the humble.”

1 Peter 5:5 NLT
⁵ In the same way, you who are younger must accept the authority of the elders. And all of you, dress yourselves in humility as you relate to one another, for
“God opposes the proud
but gives grace to the humble.”

Proverbs 3:34 NLT
³⁴ The Lord mocks the mockers
but is gracious to the humble. 

• God treats people according to their character — merciful to the merciful, opposed to the proud.

Psalm 18:25 NLT (The same as verse 28)
²⁵ To the faithful you show yourself faithful;
to those with integrity you show integrity. 

²⁹ O Lord, you are my lamp.
    The Lord lights up my darkness. 

In 2 Samuel 21:17 David is referred to as the light of Israel.

2 Samuel 21:17 NLT
¹⁷ But Abishai son of Zeruiah came to David’s rescue and killed the Philistine. Then David’s men declared, “You are not going out to battle with us again! Why risk snuffing out the light of Israel?” 

Here David refers to the Lord as his lamp.

• God is the one who enabled David to see clearly, walk uprightly, and live securely.

• David life reflected the light of God’s glory.

For us:

Psalm 119:105 NLT
¹⁰⁵ Your word is a lamp to guide my feet
and a light for my path.

Matthew 5:14-16 NLT
¹⁴ “You are the light of the world. A town built on a hill cannot be hidden. ¹⁵ Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house. ¹⁶ In the same way, let your light shine before others, that they may see your good deeds and glorify your Father in heaven.

• Our lives should also reflect the light of God’s glory. 

³⁰ In your strength I can crush an army;
    with my God I can scale any wall.

David is experiencing the Lord’s favor.

• The Lord caused David’s life and undertakings to flourish.

• Divine strength replaces human limitation — “with my God I can scale any wall.”

For us:

Philippians 4:13 NLT
¹³ For I can do everything through Christ, who gives me strength. 

³¹ “God’s way is perfect.
    All the Lord’s promises prove true.
    He is a shield for all who look to him for protection.

David’s divine rescue and success were related to his own obedience.

After reflecting on God’s justice, David turns again to personal praise for God’s help and faithfulness.

• God enlightens, empowers, and protects all who trust Him. His way and His word are flawless.

Conclusion

God Rewards Righteousness and Punishes Wickedness

Proverbs 13:21 NLT
²¹ Trouble chases sinners,
while blessings reward the righteous.

Psalm 18:20 NLT
²⁰ The Lord rewarded me for doing right;
he restored me because of my innocence.

1 Corinthians 15:58 NLT
⁵⁸ So, my dear brothers and sisters, be strong and immovable. Always work enthusiastically for the Lord, for you know that nothing you do for the Lord is ever useless.

Galatians 6:9 NLT
⁹ So let’s not get tired of doing what is good. At just the right time we will reap a harvest of blessing if we don’t give up.

Hebrews 10:36 NLT
³⁶ Patient endurance is what you need now, so that you will continue to do God’s will. Then you will receive all that he has promised.

Philippians 3:13-14 NLT
¹³ No, dear brothers and sisters, I have not achieved it, but I focus on this one thing: Forgetting the past and looking forward to what lies ahead, ¹⁴ I press on to reach the end of the race and receive the heavenly prize for which God, through Christ Jesus, is calling us.

God as the Divine Warrior

Introduction:

As you listen to our passage of scripture for today, 2 Samuel 22:8-20, I want you to make a real effort to visualize what you are hearing. What pictures come to your mind?  What do you see?

2 Samuel 22:7-20 NLT (repeating verse 7 from the previous lesson)
⁷ But in my distress I cried out to the Lord;
yes, I cried to my God for help.
He heard me from his sanctuary;
my cry reached his ears.
⁸ “Then the earth quaked and trembled.
The foundations of the heavens shook;
they quaked because of his anger.
⁹ Smoke poured from his nostrils;
fierce flames leaped from his mouth.
Glowing coals blazed forth from him.
¹⁰ He opened the heavens and came down;
dark storm clouds were beneath his feet.
¹¹ Mounted on a mighty angelic being, he flew,
soaring on the wings of the wind.
¹² He shrouded himself in darkness,
veiling his approach with dense rain clouds.
¹³ A great brightness shone around him,
and burning coals blazed forth.
¹⁴ The Lord thundered from heaven;
the voice of the Most High resounded.
¹⁵ He shot arrows and scattered his enemies;
his lightning flashed, and they were confused.
¹⁶ Then at the command of the Lord,
at the blast of his breath,
the bottom of the sea could be seen,
and the foundations of the earth were laid bare.
¹⁷ “He reached down from heaven and rescued me;
he drew me out of deep waters.
¹⁸ He rescued me from my powerful enemies,
from those who hated me and were too strong for me.
¹⁹ They attacked me at a moment when I was in distress,
but the Lord supported me.
²⁰ He led me to a place of safety;
he rescued me because he delights in me.

What did you visualize?

Share with the group what you saw.

David describes God’s coming in power from heaven to earth.

This is a picture of a Warrior-King is descending from heaven to earth.

Here we have a vivid, poetic description of God’s majestic and powerful intervention to rescue David from his enemies when David is in utter distress.

These images present God as being angry with David’s adversaries as he intervenes in David’s crisis.

The primary message is that God responded with spectacular, cosmic force to David’s cry for help.

• Define theophany.

David describes God’s rescue as a theophany.

A theophany is a vivid poetic description of God’s appearance in power and glory.

A theophany in the Bible is a tangible manifestation of God, an encounter with God.

Theophanies are appearances of God in the Bible.

Theophanies are events where God visibly manifests Himself to people.

There are other theophanies in the Bible.

Here are two examples,

Exodus 19:16-20 NLT
¹⁶ On the morning of the third day, thunder roared and lightning flashed, and a dense cloud came down on the mountain. There was a long, loud blast from a ram’s horn, and all the people trembled. ¹⁷ Moses led them out from the camp to meet with God, and they stood at the foot of the mountain. ¹⁸ All of Mount Sinai was covered with smoke because the Lord had descended on it in the form of fire. The smoke billowed into the sky like smoke from a brick kiln, and the whole mountain shook violently. ¹⁹ As the blast of the ram’s horn grew louder and louder, Moses spoke, and God thundered his reply. ²⁰ The Lord came down on the top of Mount Sinai and called Moses to the top of the mountain. So Moses climbed the mountain.

Habakkuk 3:3-15 NLT
Habakkuk’s Prayer
³ I see God moving across the deserts from Edom,
the Holy One coming from Mount Paran.
His brilliant splendor fills the heavens,
and the earth is filled with his praise.
⁴ His coming is as brilliant as the sunrise.
Rays of light flash from his hands,
where his awesome power is hidden.
⁵ Pestilence marches before him;
plague follows close behind.
⁶ When he stops, the earth shakes.
When he looks, the nations tremble.
He shatters the everlasting mountains
and levels the eternal hills.
He is the Eternal One!
⁷ I see the people of Cushan in distress,
and the nation of Midian trembling in terror.
⁸ Was it in anger, Lord, that you struck the rivers
and parted the sea?
Were you displeased with them?
No, you were sending your chariots of salvation!
⁹ You brandished your bow
and your quiver of arrows.
You split open the earth with flowing rivers.
¹⁰ The mountains watched and trembled.
Onward swept the raging waters.
The mighty deep cried out,
lifting its hands in submission.
¹¹ The sun and moon stood still in the sky
as your brilliant arrows flew
and your glittering spear flashed.
¹² You marched across the land in anger
and trampled the nations in your fury.
¹³ You went out to rescue your chosen people,
to save your anointed ones.
You crushed the heads of the wicked
and stripped their bones from head to toe.
¹⁴ With his own weapons,
you destroyed the chief of those
who rushed out like a whirlwind,
thinking Israel would be easy prey.
¹⁵ You trampled the sea with your horses,
and the mighty waters piled high. 

Other theophanies in the Bible. 

God appearing to Abraham – Genesis 18:1–2

The burning bush

The pillar of cloud and fire

The cloud over the tabernacle

The angel of the Lord appearing to Gideon

Isaiah’s vision in the temple 

Ezekiel’s vision of God’s glory

Examine the Scriptures

Read (review) 2 Samuel 22:1-7 NLT

David’s Song of Praise
^22:1 David sang this song to the Lord on the day the Lord rescued him from all his enemies and from Saul. ² He sang:
“The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my savior;
³     my God is my rock, in whom I find protection.
He is my shield, the power that saves me,
and my place of safety.
He is my refuge, my savior,
the one who saves me from violence.
⁴ I called on the Lord, who is worthy of praise,
and he saved me from my enemies.
⁵ “The waves of death overwhelmed me;
floods of destruction swept over me.
⁶ The grave wrapped its ropes around me;
death laid a trap in my path.
⁷ But in my distress I cried out to the Lord;
yes, I cried to my God for help.
He heard me from his sanctuary;
my cry reached his ears.

2 Samuel 22:8-20 NLT

God as the Divine Warrior

(This song is nearly identical to Psalm 18:7–19.) 

• David poetically recounts how God’s power shook creation itself to come to his aid. The imagery is vivid—earthquakes, storms, thunder, and lightning—revealing God’s majesty and wrath against evil. 

⁸ “Then the earth quaked and trembled.
The foundations of the heavens shook;
they quaked because of his anger.

This verse describes the cosmic disturbance that accompanies God’s intervention. 

⁹ Smoke poured from his nostrils;
fierce flames leaped from his mouth.
Glowing coals blazed forth from him. 

Here God’s power is portrayed in terms similar to those applied to the awesome beast, the leviathan.

Job 41:19-21 NLT
¹⁹ Lightning leaps from its mouth;
flames of fire flash out.
²⁰ Smoke streams from its nostrils
like steam from a pot heated over burning rushes.
²¹ Its breath would kindle coals,
for flames shoot from its mouth. 

• This theophany is a picture of God’s righteous anger.

God’s wrath is not arbitrary—it arises from His justice and love for His chosen ones.

“Smoke” and “fire” symbolize God’s burning anger and purifying power.

¹⁰ He opened the heavens and came down;
dark storm clouds were beneath his feet.
¹¹ Mounted on a mighty angelic being, he flew,
soaring on the wings of the wind.
¹² He shrouded himself in darkness,
veiling his approach with dense rain clouds.
¹³ A great brightness shone around him,
and burning coals blazed forth.

God as Divine Warrior

He rides upon the storm, commanding creation to act in defense of His people.

• This passage describes God descending from heaven as a Divine Warrior in a storm to rescue David.
  

 ¹⁴ The Lord thundered from heaven;
the voice of the Most High resounded.
¹⁵ He shot arrows and scattered his enemies;
his lightning flashed, and they were confused.

Other similar passages.

Psalm 77:18 NLT
¹⁸ Your thunder roared from the whirlwind;
the lightning lit up the world!
The earth trembled and shook.

Psalm 29:3-4 NLT
³ The voice of the Lord echoes above the sea.
The God of glory thunders.
The Lord thunders over the mighty sea.
⁴ The voice of the Lord is powerful;
the voice of the Lord is majestic. 

Job 37:2-5 NLT
² Listen carefully to the thunder of God’s voice
as it rolls from his mouth.
³ It rolls across the heavens,
and his lightning flashes in every direction.
⁴ Then comes the roaring of the thunder—
the tremendous voice of his majesty.
He does not restrain it when he speaks.
⁵ God’s voice is glorious in the thunder.
We can’t even imagine the greatness of his power.

1 Samuel 2:10 NLT
¹⁰     Those who fight against the Lord will be shattered.
He thunders against them from heaven; 

• God revealed His power audibly and visibly.

God’s voice commands attention and reverence. 

¹⁶ Then at the command of the Lord,
at the blast of his breath,
the bottom of the sea could be seen,
and the foundations of the earth were laid bare. 

• God’s commands shake creation.

This verse describes an earth-shaking divine rebuke.

The forces of nature serve God’s will.

Nature and nations alike yield to God’s voice; His rule is absolute. 

¹⁷ “He reached down from heaven and rescued me;
he drew me out of deep waters.
¹⁸ He rescued me from my powerful enemies,
from those who hated me and were too strong for me.
¹⁹ They attacked me at a moment when I was in distress,
but the Lord supported me.
²⁰ He led me to a place of safety;
he rescued me because he delights in me.

• God reached down from heaven to rescue David from his powerful enemies.

God is not distant: He powerfully moves creation itself to rescue those who trust Him. 

God rescues not because of human merit, but because He delights in His children.

For believers, this passage reminds us that God’s power is not distant or abstract. The same God who shook heaven and earth to save David still acts for His people today. When we are surrounded by “many waters,” we can trust that God hears our cry, moves heaven and earth for our good, and delivers us because He delights in us through Christ.

David Praises the Lord, his Deliverer

Introduction:

On March 31, 2022, we looked at:

1 Samuel 2:1-10 NLT (Near the beginning of our study of 1^st & 2^nd Samuel)

Hannah’s Prayer of Praise

Hannah’s prayer is also known as a song or a poem.

Hannah’s Prayer of Praise also has similarities to David’s Song of Praise in 2 Samuel 22.  (Near the end of our study of 1^st & 2^nd Samuel)

Hannah’s prayer is a song of praise and thanksgiving to God.
(This prayer celebrated the fact that Hannah had been saved from barrenness, as well as celebrating Samuel’s dedication to the Lord’s service.)

The prayer celebrates God’s holiness, sovereignty, and justice.

David’s song is a song of praise and thanksgiving to God.
(David was saved from his enemies.)

The song expresses David’s deep gratitude and faith in God’s power and faithfulness.

2 Samuel 22:1-7 NLT
David’s Song of Praise
^22:1 David sang this song to the Lord on the day the Lord rescued him from all his enemies and from Saul. ² He sang:
“The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my savior;
³     my God is my rock, in whom I find protection.
He is my shield, the power that saves me,
and my place of safety.
He is my refuge, my savior,
the one who saves me from violence.
⁴ I called on the Lord, who is worthy of praise,
and he saved me from my enemies.
⁵ “The waves of death overwhelmed me;
floods of destruction swept over me.
⁶ The grave wrapped its ropes around me;
death laid a trap in my path.
⁷ But in my distress I cried out to the Lord;
yes, I cried to my God for help.
He heard me from his sanctuary;
my cry reached his ears.

Examine the Scriptures

2 Samuel 22:1-7 NLT
David’s Song of Praise

David Praises the Lord his Deliverer

^22:1 David sang this song to the Lord on the day the Lord rescued him from all his enemies and from Saul. 

David’s song of thanksgiving and praise to God.

• David’s song is a song of praise to the Lord for his deliverance from all his enemies and from Saul.

In this song David recognized God’s faithfulness as well as God’s power.

• David’s song recorded in 2 Samuel (2 Samuel 22:1-51) is nearly identical to Psalm 18.

² He sang:
“The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my savior;
³     my God is my rock, in whom I find protection.
He is my shield, the power that saves me,
and my place of safety.
He is my refuge, my savior,
the one who saves me from violence.

In this translation David uses words and phrases including:

rock, fortress, shield, refuge, my place of safety, my savior, and the one who saves me

to describe the Lord.

• David used words and phrases including rock, fortress, shield, and refuge, my place of safety, my savior, and the one who saves me, to describe the Lord.

• Many of these terms or images found in this section of David’s song came from David’s experiences as a warrior and fugitive who often hid in rocky strongholds.

These words and phrases represented God’s greatness, strength and reliability.

David knew that true security is only found in the Lord. 

Rock – symbolizes strength, permanence, stability, immovable

God was David’s rock, his unshakable foundation.

God was David’s strength in times of danger. 

Fortress – emphasizes security from enemies, a place of safety, protection from enemies, a secure retreat that the enemy finds inaccessible, a place of safety beyond enemy reach.

For David, God is his security and protection in times of danger. 

 Savior –means deliverer, rescuer, or protector.

God repeatedly intervened to rescue David from danger.

• God was David’s security, protection, refuge, strength, and deliverer in the face of danger. 

⁴ I called on the Lord, who is worthy of praise,
and he saved me from my enemies. 

• David called on the Lord and the Lord saved David from his enemies. 

⁵ “The waves of death overwhelmed me;
floods of destruction swept over me.

This vividly portrays David’s feeling of being overwhelmed, like a man drowning in a sudden, violent flood.

⁶ The grave wrapped its ropes around me;
death laid a trap in my path.

• In his lifetime David faced many near death experiences.

Many times throughout his life, David would have felt wrapped up and trapped, like a captive destined for death.

David felt entangled and trapped. David knew that he was unable to free himself. This verse highlights the finality and hopelessness of his situation without divine intervention. 

But God repeatedly broke these snares.

2 Samuel 22:1
Psalm 18:1
“the Lord rescued him (David) from all his enemies and from Saul.” 

• God rescued David repeatedly. (This is just a partial list.)

For emphasis, I believe it is important that we review these events.

• David defeats Goliath (1 Samuel 17)

David risked his life when he fought the giant Philistine warrior Goliath with only a sling and faith in God.

1 Samuel 17:41-44 NLT
⁴¹ Goliath walked out toward David with his shield bearer ahead of him, ⁴² sneering in contempt at this ruddy-faced boy. ⁴³ “Am I a dog,” he roared at David, “that you come at me with a stick?” And he cursed David by the names of his gods. ⁴⁴ “Come over here, and I’ll give your flesh to the birds and wild animals!” Goliath yelled.

• David faced Saul’s Jealous Rage (1 Samuel 18:10–11 & 1 Samuel 19:9–10)Saul tried to kill David with a spear while David was playing the harp.

This happened on at least two occasions.

1 Samuel 18:10-11 NLT
¹⁰ The very next day a tormenting spirit from God overwhelmed Saul, and he began to rave in his house like a madman. David was playing the harp, as he did each day. But Saul had a spear in his hand, ¹¹ and he suddenly hurled it at David, intending to pin him to the wall. But David escaped him twice.

• Saul tried to have David killed in battle. 1 Samuel 18:17

1 Samuel 18:17 NLT
¹⁷ One day Saul said to David, “I am ready to give you my older daughter, Merab, as your wife. But first you must prove yourself to be a real warrior by fighting the Lord’s battles.” For Saul thought, “I’ll send him out against the Philistines and let them kill him rather than doing it myself.” 

• Saul sent men to David’s house to kill him, but Michal (David’s wife) helped him escape through a window. 1 Samuel 19:11

1 Samuel 19:11 NLT
¹¹ Then Saul sent troops to watch David’s house. They were told to kill David when he came out the next morning. But Michal, David’s wife, warned him, “If you don’t escape tonight, you will be dead by morning.”

• Saul wants to kill David. 1 Samuel 20:30-31

1 Samuel 20:30-31 NLT
³⁰ Saul boiled with rage at Jonathan. “You stupid son of a whore!” he swore at him. “Do you think I don’t know that you want him to be king in your place, shaming yourself and your mother? ³¹ As long as that son of Jesse is alive, you’ll never be king. Now go and get him so I can kill him!”

• 1 Samuel 20–23

Saul repeatedly hunted David in the wilderness with his army, leading to close calls where David narrowly escaped.

David was constantly on the run, hiding in fields, caves, and deserts.

• David among the Philistines at Gath.

David sought refuge in the Philistine city of Gath, the home of Goliath, where he was recognized and seized by the Philistines. He feigned madness to escape this danger.
King Achish of Gath could have killed David. 1 Samuel 21:10-15

1 Samuel 21:10-15NLT
¹⁰ So David escaped from Saul and went to King Achish of Gath. ¹¹ But the officers of Achish were unhappy about his being there. “Isn’t this David, the king of the land?” they asked. “Isn’t he the one the people honor with dances, singing,
‘Saul has killed his thousands,
and David his ten thousands’?”
¹² David heard these comments and was very afraid of what King Achish of Gath might do to him. ¹³ So he pretended to be insane, scratching on doors and drooling down his beard.
¹⁴ Finally, King Achish said to his men, “Must you bring me a madman? ¹⁵ We already have enough of them around here! Why should I let someone like this be my guest?”

• Saul Again Pursues David (1 Samuel 26)

• When the Amalekites raided Ziklag and burned it to the ground David’s own men even spoke of stoning him.

1 Samuel 30:6 NLT
⁶ David was now in great danger because all his men were very bitter about losing their sons and daughters, and they began to talk of stoning him. But David found strength in the Lord his God.

• Civil War with Ish-bosheth’s supporters (2 Samuel 2–4)

David’s forces battled Abner and Ish-bosheth’s men; constantly in danger in the struggle for the throne.

• Battles with the Philistines (2 Samuel 5:17–25)

The Philistines repeatedly attacked David after he became king.

2 Samuel 5:17 NLT
¹⁷ When the Philistines heard that David had been anointed king of Israel, they mobilized all their forces to capture him

• War with the Ammonites and Arameans (2 Samuel 10–12)

David led his army in dangerous campaigns that risked his life.

• Absalom’s Rebellion (2 Samuel 15–18)

David fled Jerusalem when Absalom seized power. Crossing the Jordan and hiding in the wilderness, he faced possible death if captured. Absalom’s forces actively sought to kill David.

• Battles Against Giants (2 Samuel 21:15–22)

David grew weary fighting the Philistine giant Ishbi-benob, who tried to kill him. Abishai rescued him just in time.

2 Samuel 21:16 NLT
¹⁶ Ishbi-benob was a descendant of the giants; his bronze spearhead weighed more than seven pounds, and he was armed with a new sword. He had cornered David and was about to kill him. 

⁷ But in my distress I cried out to the Lord;
yes, I cried to my God for help.

• David called to the Lord in his distress. 

He heard me from his sanctuary;
my cry reached his ears.

Where the Lord is enthroned as king

The temple here refers to God’s dwelling place in heaven, showing that even in his earthly peril, David’s prayer reached the divine throne room.

• God heard David’s cry.

Summary:

• David is reflecting back on a lifetime of deliverances, from the hand of all his enemies, by God.

• David gives all the credit to God for his victories and survival, recognizing that every triumph came from divine deliverance, not his own strength.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Battles against Philistine Giants

Introduction:

These final chapters of 2 Samuel (21–24) serve as an appendix, coda, or epilogue to David’s reign. These chapters are thematic, not chronological, and not all the events described here happened at the end of David’s reign.

Fighting Giants

This section discusses four battles in which Israel faced Philistine giants.  Note that David is only mentioned in one of these four battles.

2 Samuel 21:15-22 NLT
Battles against Philistine Giants
¹⁵ Once again the Philistines were at war with Israel. And when David and his men were in the thick of battle, David became weak and exhausted. ¹⁶ Ishbi-benob was a descendant of the giants; his bronze spearhead weighed more than seven pounds, and he was armed with a new sword. He had cornered David and was about to kill him. ¹⁷ But Abishai son of Zeruiah came to David’s rescue and killed the Philistine. Then David’s men declared, “You are not going out to battle with us again! Why risk snuffing out the light of Israel?”
¹⁸ After this, there was another battle against the Philistines at Gob. As they fought, Sibbecai from Hushah killed Saph, another descendant of the giants.
¹⁹ During another battle at Gob, Elhanan son of Jair from Bethlehem killed the brother of Goliath of Gath.  The handle of his spear was as thick as a weaver’s beam!
²⁰ In another battle with the Philistines at Gath, they encountered a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in all, who was also a descendant of the giants. ²¹ But when he defied and taunted Israel, he was killed by Jonathan, the son of David’s brother Shimea.
²² These four Philistines were descendants of the giants of Gath, but David and his warriors killed them.

Examine the Scriptures

1 Chronicles 20:4-8 is a parallel account to 2 Samuel 21:15-22

1 Chronicles 20:4-8 NLT
Battles against Philistine Giants
⁴ After this, war broke out with the Philistines at Gezer. As they fought, Sibbecai from Hushah killed Saph, a descendant of the giants, and so the Philistines were subdued.
⁵ During another battle with the Philistines, Elhanan son of Jair killed Lahmi, the brother of Goliath of Gath. The handle of Lahmi’s spear was as thick as a weaver’s beam!
⁶ In another battle with the Philistines at Gath, they encountered a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in all, who was also a descendant of the giants. ⁷ But when he defied and taunted Israel, he was killed by Jonathan, the son of David’s brother Shimea.
⁸ These Philistines were descendants of the giants of Gath, but David and his warriors killed them.

2 Samuel 21:15-22 NLT

Battles against Philistine Giants

The following four battles with the Philistines cannot be chronologically located with any certainty.

Each battle involves a heroic accomplishment by one of David’s mighty men, resulting in the death of a Philistine giant.

This record of four giant killers emphasizes the supernatural character of the victories David was able to enjoy because God fought for him by using various men in his army.

¹⁵ Once again the Philistines were at war with Israel. And when David and his men were in the thick of battle, David became weak and exhausted. 

• David, though older at this point, still took part in a battle with the Philistines.

His presence on the battlefield shows his leadership and commitment.

Compare this to 2 Samuel 11:1

2 Samuel 11:1 NLT
David and Bathsheba
^11:1 In the spring of the year, when kings normally go out to war, David sent Joab and the Israelite army to fight the Ammonites. They destroyed the Ammonite army and laid siege to the city of Rabbah. However, David stayed behind in Jerusalem.

• David became weak and exhausted.

David’s weariness signals that his strength is failing — a reminder that even great leaders decline with age.

This shows that even God’s anointed king had human limitations.

David is vulnerable.

These episodes illustrate God’s continued protection over Israel and David’s kingdom, even as David’s own strength begins to wane. 

¹⁶ Ishbi-benob was a descendant of the giants; 

Some translations use the phrase “a descendant of the giants or the sons of the giant.” 

Other translations say “a descendant of Rapha”.  

NIV – CEB
16 And Ishbi-Benob, one of the descendants of Rapha

ESV – NASB
16 And Ishbi-benob, one of the descendants of the giants

Rapha refers to the ancestor of the Rephaim. 

The Rephaim (plural of Rapha) were a race of giants who lived in Canaan before Israel entered the land.

Some of their descendants apparently survived into David’s time among the Philistines of Gath, where Goliath came from.

Giants are mentioned in at least seven of the Old Testament books.

One familiar story is found in Numbers 13.

Numbers 13:31-33 NLT
Twelve Scouts Explore Canaan
³¹ But the other men who had explored the land with him disagreed. “We can’t go up against them! They are stronger than we are!” ³² So they spread this bad report about the land among the Israelites: “The land we traveled through and explored will devour anyone who goes to live there. All the people we saw were huge. ³³ We even saw giants there, the descendants of Anak. Next to them we felt like grasshoppers, and that’s what they thought, too!” 

Ishbi-benob
His bronze spearhead weighed more than seven pounds, 

This is an indication of his great strength. 

and he was armed with a new sword. 

His weapons were “up to date”. 

He had cornered David and was about to kill him. 

Since Ishbi-benob was a descendant of the giants he may have known that David had killed Goliath and now he wanted to avenge Goliath’s death.

• Ishbi-benob cornered David and was about to kill him. 

¹⁷ But Abishai son of Zeruiah came to David’s rescue and killed the Philistine.

Abishai son of Zeruiah (David’s sister) came to David’s rescue and killed the Philistine.

Abishai was David’s nephew.

Abishai was one of David’s most loyal and courageous warriors:

He is called one of David’s mighty men

• Abishai came to David’s rescue and killed Ishbi-benob. 

Then David’s men declared, “You are not going out to battle with us again! 

• David’s soldiers, recognizing his declining physical strength, insist that David stay out of direct combat, marking the end of David’s frontline fighting days. 

Why risk snuffing out the light of Israel?”

If David were to die in battle, Israel’s leadership and morale would be devastated.

David, with God’s help brought the light of prosperity and well-being to Israel.

David is the symbol of God’s presence and guidance for the nation, which must be preserved at all costs.

God’s blessing resided in David and his house.

Extinguishing that “lamp” would mean spiritual and national darkness for Israel.

This reminds us that God’s purposes are not dependent on one man’s physical strength but on His ongoing covenant faithfulness.

• David is the symbol of God’s presence and guidance for the nation. 

¹⁸ After this, there was another battle against the Philistines at Gob. As they fought, Sibbecai from Hushah killed Saph, another descendant of the giants. 

1 Chronicles 20:4 NLT
⁴ After this, war broke out with the Philistines at Gezer. As they fought, Sibbecai from Hushah killed Saph, a descendant of the giants, and so the Philistines were subdued.

Gob may have been another name for Gezer (1 Chron. 20:4).

The repetition of “descendants of the giant” (Rephaim) emphasizes that these were formidable enemies, yet each is defeated by one of David’s warriors — showing God’s strength through human instruments.

• The repetition of “descendants of the giant” emphasizes that these were formidable enemies, yet each is defeated by one of David’s warriors — showing God’s strength through human instruments. 

¹⁹ During another battle at Gob, Elhanan son of Jair from Bethlehem killed the brother of Goliath of Gath.  The handle of his spear was as thick as a weaver’s beam! 

1 Chronicles 20:5 NLT
⁵ During another battle with the Philistines, Elhanan son of Jair killed Lahmi, the brother of Goliath of Gath. The handle of Lahmi’s spear was as thick as a weaver’s beam! 

Some translations say “killed Goliath”.

Were there two giants named Goliath?  Probably not.

Most scholars believe a scribal omission occurred here, leaving out “the brother of.”

There is no confusion in the translations of 1 Chronicles 20:5.  Most translations say “killed Lahmi, the brother of Goliath” or something very similar to that.

Regardless, the point stands: another descendant of the giants fell before David’s men.

• Another descendant of the giants fell before David’s men. 

²⁰ In another battle with the Philistines at Gath, they encountered a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in all, who was also a descendant of the giants. 

1 Chronicles 20:6 NLT
⁶ In another battle with the Philistines at Gath, they encountered a huge man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot, twenty-four in all, who was also a descendant of the giants.  

The description of this unnamed giant underscores the abnormal and intimidating nature of Israel’s enemies.

Such features emphasize his monstrous might — yet physical power means nothing against those God empowers. 

• The description of this unnamed giant underscores the abnormal and intimidating nature of Israel’s enemies— yet physical power means nothing against those God empowers. 

 ²¹ But when he defied and taunted Israel, he was killed by Jonathan, the son of David’s brother Shimea (or Shammah).

1 Chronicles 20:7 NLT
⁷ But when he defied and taunted Israel, he was killed by Jonathan, the son of David’s brother Shimea.

Taunting from another giant.

1 Samuel 17:8-11 NLT
Goliath stood and shouted a taunt across to the Israelites. “Why are you all coming out to fight?” he called. “I am the Philistine champion, but you are only the servants of Saul. Choose one man to come down here and fight me! ⁹ If he kills me, then we will be your slaves. But if I kill him, you will be our slaves! ¹⁰ I defy the armies of Israel today! Send me a man who will fight me!” ¹¹ When Saul and the Israelites heard this, they were terrified and deeply shaken.

The Jonathan named here is David’s nephew.

These episodes demonstrates the bravery of David’s warriors.

With God’s help, these warriors continue to defeat powerful enemies. 

²² These four Philistines were descendants of the giants of Gath, but David and his warriors killed them.

1 Chronicles 20:8 NLT
⁸ These Philistines were descendants of the giants of Gath, but David and his warriors killed them.

God’s kingdom overcomes the might of the world through faith and obedience. 

• David’s decline gives rise to others empowered to continue the fight — God’s work never depends on one person alone.

God’s power and protection still rest upon Israel through others besides David.

God’s strength triumphs over human might.

The overall point of this passage of scripture is that God continued to bless David and Israel with supernatural victories through his faithful servants.

• The defeat of giants clearly shows God’s ability to triumph over seemingly insurmountable foes.

David Avenges the Gibeonites

Introduction:

These final chapters of 2 Samuel (21–24) serve as an appendix, coda, or epilogue to David’s reign. These chapters are thematic, not chronological, and not all the events described here happened at the end of David’s reign. The content is a collection of events, reflections, and summaries that highlight David’s leadership, God’s justice, and divine faithfulness to Israel.

The overall purpose of this section is to offer a final theological portrait of David, underscoring that his success was rooted in his humility and dependence on God, despite his significant failures.

Together, these chapters show that although David was flawed, he was deeply devoted to God, relying on His grace and pointing forward to the righteous reign of the coming Son of David—Jesus Christ.

 

David Avenges the Gibeonites

David takes action to make amends for a past wrong committed against the Gibeonites by King Saul.

2 Samuel 21:1-14 NLT
David Avenges the Gibeonites
^21:1 There was a famine during David’s reign that lasted for three years,  so David asked the Lord about it. And the Lord said, “The famine has come because Saul and his family are guilty of murdering the Gibeonites.”
² So the king summoned the Gibeonites. They were not part of Israel but were all that was left of the nation of the Amorites. The people of Israel had sworn not to kill them, but Saul, in his zeal for Israel and Judah, had tried to wipe them out. ³ David asked them, “What can I do for you? How can I make amends so that you will bless the Lord’s people again?”
⁴ “Well, money can’t settle this matter between us and the family of Saul,” the Gibeonites replied. “Neither can we demand the life of anyone in Israel.”
“What can I do then?” David asked. “Just tell me and I will do it for you.”
⁵ Then they replied, “It was Saul who planned to destroy us, to keep us from having any place at all in the territory of Israel. ⁶ So let seven of Saul’s sons be handed over to us, and we will execute them before the Lord at Gibeon, on the mountain of the Lord.”
“All right,” the king said, “I will do it.” ⁷ The king spared Jonathan’s son Mephibosheth, who was Saul’s grandson, because of the oath David and Jonathan had sworn before the Lord. ⁸ But he gave them Saul’s two sons Armoni and Mephibosheth, whose mother was Rizpah daughter of Aiah. He also gave them the five sons of Saul’s daughter Merab, the wife of Adriel son of Barzillai from Meholah. ⁹ The men of Gibeon executed them on the mountain before the Lord. So all seven of them died together at the beginning of the barley harvest.
¹⁰ Then Rizpah daughter of Aiah, the mother of two of the men, spread burlap on a rock and stayed there the entire harvest season. She prevented the scavenger birds from tearing at their bodies during the day and stopped wild animals from eating them at night. ¹¹ When David learned what Rizpah, Saul’s concubine, had done, ¹² he went to the people of Jabesh-gilead and retrieved the bones of Saul and his son Jonathan. (When the Philistines had killed Saul and Jonathan on Mount Gilboa, the people of Jabesh-gilead stole their bodies from the public square of Beth-shan, where the Philistines had hung them.) ¹³ So David obtained the bones of Saul and Jonathan, as well as the bones of the men the Gibeonites had executed.
¹⁴ Then the king ordered that they bury the bones in the tomb of Kish, Saul’s father, at the town of Zela in the land of Benjamin. After that, God ended the famine in the land.

Examine the Scriptures

2 Samuel 21:1-14 NLT
David Avenges the Gibeonites 

^21:1 There was a famine during David’s reign that lasted for three years,

• These final chapters of 2 Samuel are thematic, not chronological, and not all the events described here happened at the end of David’s reign.

The exact chronological placement of the famine within David’s approximately 40-year reign is not specified in the biblical text.

 so David asked the Lord about it.

David “begged” the Lord.

He inquired of God.

David was seeking divine guidance. 

And the Lord said, “The famine has come because Saul and his family are guilty of murdering the Gibeonites.”

• A famine had come upon the land because Saul and his family were guilty of murdering some Gibeonites.

This passage is the only place in Scripture that records Saul’s attack on the Gibeonites, though the event itself is not described elsewhere in detail.

It refers back to the ancient covenant Israel made with the Gibeonites during Joshua’s time (see Joshua 9), when Joshua promised to spare them despite their deception.

400 years previous to this.

Joshua 9:3-20 NLT
The Gibeonites Deceive Israel
³ But when the people of Gibeon heard what Joshua had done to Jericho and Ai, ⁴ they resorted to deception to save themselves. They sent ambassadors to Joshua, loading their donkeys with weathered saddlebags and old, patched wineskins. ⁵ They put on worn-out, patched sandals and ragged clothes. And the bread they took with them was dry and moldy. ⁶ When they arrived at the camp of Israel at Gilgal, they told Joshua and the men of Israel, “We have come from a distant land to ask you to make a peace treaty with us.”
⁷ The Israelites replied to these Hivites, “How do we know you don’t live nearby? For if you do, we cannot make a treaty with you.”
⁸ They replied, “We are your servants.”
“But who are you?” Joshua demanded. “Where do you come from?”
⁹ They answered, “Your servants have come from a very distant country. We have heard of the might of the Lord your God and of all he did in Egypt. ¹⁰ We have also heard what he did to the two Amorite kings east of the Jordan River—King Sihon of Heshbon and King Og of Bashan (who lived in Ashtaroth). ¹¹ So our elders and all our people instructed us, ‘Take supplies for a long journey. Go meet with the people of Israel and tell them, “We are your servants; please make a treaty with us.”’
¹² “This bread was hot from the ovens when we left our homes. But now, as you can see, it is dry and moldy. ¹³ These wineskins were new when we filled them, but now they are old and split open. And our clothing and sandals are worn out from our very long journey.”
¹⁴ So the Israelites examined their food, but they did not consult the Lord. ¹⁵ Then Joshua made a peace treaty with them and guaranteed their safety, and the leaders of the community ratified their agreement with a binding oath.
¹⁶ Three days after making the treaty, they learned that these people actually lived nearby! ¹⁷ The Israelites set out at once to investigate and reached their towns in three days. The names of these towns were Gibeon, Kephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath-jearim. ¹⁸ But the Israelites did not attack the towns, for the Israelite leaders had made a vow to them in the name of the Lord, the God of Israel.
The people of Israel grumbled against their leaders because of the treaty. ¹⁹ But the leaders replied, “Since we have sworn an oath in the presence of the Lord, the God of Israel, we cannot touch them.  ²⁰ This is what we must do. We must let them live, for divine anger would come upon us if we broke our oath.  ²¹ Let them live.” So they made them woodcutters and water carriers for the entire community, as the Israelite leaders directed.

Saul’s violation of this covenant brought God’s judgment on Israel in the form of a famine during David’s reign.

• Even though centuries had passed since Joshua’s treaty, God still upheld it. Promises made in His name must not be broken. 

² So the king summoned the Gibeonites. They were not part of Israel but were all that was left of the nation of the Amorites.

Amorites is one of the names sometimes used to designate all the pre-Israelites inhabitants of Canaan. 

The people of Israel had sworn not to kill them, but Saul, in his zeal for Israel and Judah, had tried to wipe them out. 

• Saul, in his zeal for Israel and Judah, had tried to wipe out the Gibeonites.

• Saul’s misdirected zeal involved blatant disregard for Israel’s covenant with the Gibeonites.

Saul’s violation of that covenant brought God’s judgment on Israel in the form of a famine during David’s reign.

• Breaking an oath sworn before God was a serious covenant violation. 

³ David asked them, “What can I do for you? How can I make amends so that you will bless the Lord’s people again?”

Since the oath sworn to the Gibeonites had been violated, God had cursed the land.

• To remove the curse (the famine), David sought the Gibeonites’ terms for restitution.

David offers restitution.

David wanted reconciliation between the Israelites and the Gibeonites, so that there could be reconciliation between Israel and God.

David wanted the Gibeonites to “bless the Lord’s people again”. (How can we make this right?)

⁴ “Well, money can’t settle this matter between us and the family of Saul,” the Gibeonites replied.

• The Gibeonites seek justice, not revenge or wealth. 

“Neither can we demand the life of anyone in Israel.”

The Gibeonites said that as Israel’s vassals they could not take revenge into their own hands. 

“What can I do then?” David asked. “Just tell me and I will do it for you.”
⁵ Then they replied, “It was Saul who planned to destroy us, to keep us from having any place at all in the territory of Israel. ⁶ So let seven of Saul’s sons be handed over to us, and we will execute them before the Lord at Gibeon, on the mountain of the Lord.”

They asked not for silver or gold, but for seven of Saul’s male descendants to be handed over and executed.

• The Gibeonites asked for seven of Saul’s male descendants to be handed over to them to be executed.

They may have been applying:

Exodus 21:23-24 NLT (also Leviticus 24:19-20)
²³ But if there is further injury, the punishment must match the injury: a life for a life, ²⁴ an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot …

Execution in Saul’s hometown symbolizes divine retribution at the very site of Saul’s pride and sin.

The number seven symbolized completeness (not the number of Gibeonites killed).

“All right,” the king said, “I will do it.”  

⁷ The king spared Jonathan’s son Mephibosheth, who was Saul’s grandson, because of the oath David and Jonathan had sworn before the Lord. 

• David spared Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan, because of his covenant with Jonathan.

David was honoring his oath with Jonathan.  

⁸ But he gave them Saul’s two sons Armoni and Mephibosheth (this is not Jonathan’s son), whose mother (Saul’s concubine) was Rizpah daughter of Aiah.

Saul’s only two remaining sons.

 He also gave them the five sons of Saul’s daughter Merab, the wife of Adriel son of Barzillai from Meholah. 

Scripture does not say that God approved of David’s actions.

Deuteronomy 24:16 NLT
¹⁶ “Parents must not be put to death for the sins of their children, nor children for the sins of their parents. Those deserving to die must be put to death for their own crimes. 

⁹ The men of Gibeon executed them on the mountain before the Lord. So all seven of them died together at the beginning of the barley harvest.

These descendants were executed “before the Lord,” meaning as an act of public justice under divine witness.

The seven were hanged at Gibeah. (NIV) The home of Saul.

• Seven sons and grandsons of Saul were executed by the Gibeonites.

The execution was seen as atonement—restoring justice to remove divine wrath. 

¹⁰ Then Rizpah daughter of Aiah, the mother of two of the men, spread burlap on a rock and stayed there the entire harvest season. She prevented the scavenger birds from tearing at their bodies during the day and stopped wild animals from eating them at night. 

• Rizpah, the mother of two of the men, stayed with the bodies of the seven dead men the entire harvest season. She prevented the scavenger birds from tearing at their bodies during the day and stopped wild animals from eating them at night.

The Gibeonites were not Israelites.  They did not adhere to Jewish laws.

Deuteronomy 21:22-23 NLT
²² “If someone has committed a crime worthy of death and is executed and hung on a tree, ²³ the body must not remain hanging from the tree overnight. You must bury the body that same day, for anyone who is hung is cursed in the sight of God. In this way, you will prevent the defilement of the land the Lord your God is giving you as your special possession.

The Israelites practiced a quick and proper burial of a criminal.

It was considered a disgrace for a corpse to become food for the birds and beasts.

Rizpah may not have buried the bodies because she viewed this as vengeance from God against the land for Saul’s actions.

Rizpah was intent that her sons not be further shamed after their death.

Rizpah’s mourning shows deep maternal devotion. She kept vigil for months, protecting the bodies from scavengers.

 

The cost of sin — Saul’s disobedience brought immense sorrow even to innocent families.

Saul’s disobedience affected all Israel. Leaders’ actions can bring blessing or curse upon a nation. 

¹¹ When David learned what Rizpah, Saul’s concubine, had done, ¹² he went to the people of Jabesh-gilead and retrieved the bones of Saul and his son Jonathan. (When the Philistines had killed Saul and Jonathan on Mount Gilboa, the people of Jabesh-gilead stole their bodies from the public square of Beth-shan, where the Philistines had hung them.) ¹³ So David obtained the bones of Saul and Jonathan,

The bodies of Saul and Jonathan had also been disgraced.

1 Samuel 31:11-12 NLT
¹¹ But when the people of Jabesh-gilead heard what the Philistines had done to Saul, ¹² all their mighty warriors traveled through the night to Beth-shan and took the bodies of Saul and his sons down from the wall. They brought them to Jabesh, where they burned the bodies.

 as well as the bones of the men the Gibeonites had executed.

Rizpah’s act of faithfulness and love moved David’s heart.

• Rizpah’s action prompted David into likewise honoring the dead of Saul’s family.

¹⁴ Then the king ordered that they bury the bones in the tomb of Kish, Saul’s father, at the town of Zela in the land of Benjamin. 

• David’s final act toward Saul and Jonathan was a deed of deep respect for the king he had honored and the friend he had loved.

David’s honorable burial of Saul and Jonathan completes the atonement. (Making things right before God.)

This action restores dignity to Saul’s family and heals the national wound.

David’s actions balanced the scales of justice (executing Saul’s descendants) and showed mercy (honoring Mephibosheth and Saul’s remains). 

After that, God ended the famine in the land.

Only after sin was confessed and restitution made did God bless the land again.

• God ended the famine and restored the land to prosperity.

The Revolt of Sheba (continued)

Introduction:

David returns to Jerusalem and reclaims the throne.

A Benjamite by the name of Sheba led a new revolt against David and persuaded the ten northern tribes (the Israelites) to desert the king.

A story of an unnamed women.

2 Samuel 20:14-26 NLT
The Revolt of Sheba (continued)
¹⁴ Meanwhile, Sheba traveled through all the tribes of Israel and eventually came to the town of Abel-beth-maacah. All the members of his own clan, the Bicrites, assembled for battle and followed him into the town. ¹⁵ When Joab’s forces arrived, they attacked Abel-beth-maacah. They built a siege ramp against the town’s fortifications and began battering down the wall. ¹⁶ But a wise woman in the town called out to Joab, “Listen to me, Joab. Come over here so I can talk to you.” ¹⁷ As he approached, the woman asked, “Are you Joab?”
“I am,” he replied.
So she said, “Listen carefully to your servant.”
“I’m listening,” he said.
¹⁸ Then she continued, “There used to be a saying, ‘If you want to settle an argument, ask advice at the town of Abel.’ ¹⁹ I am one who is peace loving and faithful in Israel. But you are destroying an important town in Israel. Why do you want to devour what belongs to the Lord?”
²⁰ And Joab replied, “Believe me, I don’t want to devour or destroy your town! ²¹ That’s not my purpose. All I want is a man named Sheba son of Bicri from the hill country of Ephraim, who has revolted against King David. If you hand over this one man to me, I will leave the town in peace.”
“All right,” the woman replied, “we will throw his head over the wall to you.” ²² Then the woman went to all the people with her wise advice, and they cut off Sheba’s head and threw it out to Joab. So he blew the ram’s horn and called his troops back from the attack. They all returned to their homes, and Joab returned to the king at Jerusalem.
²³ Now Joab was the commander of the army of Israel. Benaiah son of Jehoiada was captain of the king’s bodyguard. ²⁴ Adoniram was in charge of forced labor. Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was the royal historian. ²⁵ Sheva was the court secretary. Zadok and Abiathar were the priests. ²⁶ And Ira, a descendant of Jair, was David’s personal priest.

Examine the Scriptures

2 Samuel 20:14-26 NLT
The Revolt of Sheba continued
¹⁴ Meanwhile, Sheba traveled through all the tribes of Israel and eventually came to the town of Abel-beth-maacah.

A fortified city near Israel’s northern border.

About 25 miles north of the Sea of Galilee and 4 miles west of Dan (MacArthur). – refer to a map

150 miles from Gilgal. ??

• Sheba retreats north to Abel-beth-maacah, a fortified city near Israel’s northern border.

All the members of his (Sheba son of Bicri) own clan, the Bicrites, 

This is the only time the Bicrites are mentioned in the Bible.
Bicrites are descendants of Bicri, Sheba’s father.
Bicri was from the tribe of Benjamin. 

assembled for battle and followed him into the town. 

Sheba and his men were inside the city walls prepared to face a long siege.

• The Bicrites rally around Sheba, showing that some Benjamites may still resent David’s rule after Saul’s dynasty lost power.

Sheba was not getting overwhelming support from the ten northern tribes. 

¹⁵ When Joab’s forces arrived, they attacked Abel-beth-maacah. They built a siege ramp against the town’s fortifications and began battering down the wall. 

• Having reasserted command by killing Amasa, Joab leads the army to besiege the city, building up a ramp to break through its walls.

A well-known tactic for breaching a walled city’s defenses.

The “siege ramp” shows this was a full-scale military operation, suggesting Sheba’s rebellion was taken seriously as a national threat. 

¹⁶ But a wise woman in the town

• The wise woman is unnamed, but she’s remembered for her wisdom, diplomacy, and courage. 

called out to Joab, “Listen to me, Joab. Come over here so I can talk to you.” ¹⁷ As he approached, the woman asked, “Are you Joab?”
“I am,” he replied.
So she said, “Listen carefully to your servant.”
“I’m listening,” he said.

The wise woman may have been referencing:

Deuteronomy 20:10 NLT
¹⁰ “As you approach a town to attack it, you must first offer its people terms for peace. 

¹⁸ Then she continued, “There used to be a saying, ‘If you want to settle an argument, ask advice at the town of Abel.’ 

• Abel had the reputation of being a place known for wisdom and peace.

The city was famous for the wisdom of its inhabitants.

The city was a place where disputes were settled peacefully.

The unnamed women pleaded for Joab to ask the city if they wanted peace. 

¹⁹ I am one who is peace loving and faithful in Israel. But you are destroying an important town in Israel. Why do you want to devour what belongs to the Lord?”

She asked why Joab would destroy a peaceful and faithful city in Israel just to capture one man.

Apparently, Abel was a prominent city of Israel. (Although it is not on many of the Maps of Israel.) Abel-beth-maacah?

• All of the cities of Israel were the Lord’s special possession.

1 Samuel 10:1 NLT
^10:1 Then Samuel took a flask of olive oil and poured it over Saul’s head. He kissed Saul and said, “I am doing this because the Lord has appointed you to be the ruler over Israel, his (the Lord’s) special possession.

• The wise woman reminds Joab that destroying an entire city would be a grave sin against the Lord’s inheritance (God’s people and land). 

²⁰ And Joab replied, “Believe me, I don’t want to devour or destroy your town! ²¹ That’s not my purpose.

Joab was ready to avoid further bloodshed.

All I want is a man named Sheba son of Bicri from the hill country of Ephraim, who has revolted against King David.

Joab explained he was only after Sheba, the rebel who had taken refuge there. 

• Joab did not feel the need to destroy Abel. All Joab wanted was the man Sheba.

If you hand over this one man to me, I will leave the town in peace.”

“All right,” the woman replied, “we will throw his head over the wall to you.”

The woman then wisely said, “His head shall be thrown to you from the wall.” 

 ²² Then the woman went to all the people with her wise advice, and they cut off Sheba’s head and threw it out to Joab. 

The unnamed women averted needless bloodshed and saved her entire city through calm reasoning and decisive leadership.

• The woman’s story illustrates how wisdom and clear communication can bring peace where violence threatens. 

So he blew the ram’s horn and called his troops back from the attack.

The ram’s horn signals the end of hostilities. 

They all returned to their homes, and Joab returned to the king at Jerusalem.

David just can’t get rid of Joab.

David “ignores” the murder of Amasa (as well as Absalom and Abner).

Based on 1 Kings 1:19 Joab was still the commander of the army at the end of David’s reign.

• In spite of all that had happened since Absalom’s rebellion, David’s monarchy had not fallen apart. He still had an intact administration. 

This final listing signifies the re-establishment of royal authority and the return to order in David’s kingdom after a tumultuous period of internal conflict and rebellion. 

Notice the continuity before and after this period of time. 

²³ Now Joab was the commander of the army of Israel.

Joab had this role in 2 Samuel 8.  (Long before Absalom’s rebellion.)

David was regaining control over all of Israel.

• Joab remains commander of the army—despite his disobedience and brutality, David still relies on his effectiveness. 

Benaiah son of Jehoiada was captain of the king’s bodyguard. 

Benaiah had this role in 2 Samuel 8.  (Long before Absalom’s rebellion.)

David’s special troops.

The Kerethites and Pelethites appear to be foreign mercenaries or special troops who were loyal to David.

Benaiah son of Jehoiada was commander of Saul’s army. (1 Kings 4:4)

²⁴ Adoniram was in charge of forced labor.

Adoniram was also in charge of forced labor for Solomon. (1 Kings 4:6)

Conscripted labor gangs. (Prisoners of war) 

Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was the royal historian. 

Jehoshaphat had this role in 2 Samuel 8. (Long before Absalom’s rebellion.)

He was also Solomon’s royal historian. (1 Kings 4:3) 

²⁵ Sheva was the court secretary. 

Zadok and Abiathar were the priests. 

Zadok son of Ahitub and Ahimelech son of Abiathar were the priests in 2 Samuel 8.

They were also priests for Solomon. (1 Kings 4:4) 

²⁶ And Ira, a descendant of Jair, was David’s personal priest.

David’s royal advisor.

Special minister.

• Even amid rebellion and chaos, God preserves His chosen king and the unity of His people through the wisdom and courage of unexpected individuals.

The Revolt of Sheba

Introduction

Jeremiah 17:9 NLT
⁹ “The human heart is the most deceitful of all things,
and desperately wicked.
Who really knows how bad it is?

2 Samuel 20:1-13 NLT
^20:1 There happened to be a troublemaker there named Sheba son of Bicri, a man from the tribe of Benjamin. Sheba blew a ram’s horn and began to chant:
“Down with the dynasty of David!
We have no interest in the son of Jesse.
Come on, you men of Israel,
back to your homes!”
² So all the men of Israel deserted David and followed Sheba son of Bicri. But the men of Judah stayed with their king and escorted him from the Jordan River to Jerusalem.
³ When David came to his palace in Jerusalem, he took the ten concubines he had left to look after the palace and placed them in seclusion. Their needs were provided for, but he no longer slept with them. So each of them lived like a widow until she died.
⁴ Then the king told Amasa, “Mobilize the army of Judah within three days, and report back at that time.” ⁵ So Amasa went out to notify Judah, but it took him longer than the time he had been given.
⁶ Then David said to Abishai, “Sheba son of Bicri is going to hurt us more than Absalom did. Quick, take my troops and chase after him before he gets into a fortified town where we can’t reach him.”
⁷ So Abishai and Joab, together with the king’s bodyguard and all the mighty warriors, set out from Jerusalem to go after Sheba. ⁸ As they arrived at the great stone in Gibeon, Amasa met them. Joab was wearing his military tunic with a dagger strapped to his belt. As he stepped forward to greet Amasa, he slipped the dagger from its sheath.
⁹ “How are you, my cousin?” Joab said and took him by the beard with his right hand as though to kiss him. ¹⁰ Amasa didn’t notice the dagger in his left hand, and Joab stabbed him in the stomach with it so that his insides gushed out onto the ground. Joab did not need to strike again, and Amasa soon died. Joab and his brother Abishai left him lying there and continued after Sheba.
¹¹ One of Joab’s young men shouted to Amasa’s troops, “If you are for Joab and David, come and follow Joab.” ¹² But Amasa lay in his blood in the middle of the road, and Joab’s man saw that everyone was stopping to stare at him. So he pulled him off the road into a field and threw a cloak over him. ¹³ With Amasa’s body out of the way, everyone went on with Joab to capture Sheba son of Bicri.

 Examine the Scriptures

2 Samuel 20:1-13 NLT
The Revolt of Sheba 

• The ten tribes of Israel were quarreling with the men of Judah over who had the right to escort David back to Jerusalem. 

^20:1 There happened to be a troublemaker there named Sheba son of Bicri, a man from the tribe of Benjamin.

This is not Shimei son of Gera although the events sound similar.

Shimei was the man cursing David and throwing rocks at him. (2 Samuel 16)

Review:

Shimei wants to make thigs right with David.

2 Samuel 19:19-20 NLT
¹⁹ “My lord the king, please forgive me,” he pleaded. “Forget the terrible thing your servant did when you left Jerusalem. May the king put it out of his mind. ²⁰ I know how much I sinned. That is why I have come here today, the very first person in all Israel to greet my lord the king.”

 

Very little is known about this man Sheba.

We do know that he belonged to Saul’s tribe.
He may have felt resentment toward David for taking the throne of Saul.

We know from this passage that Sheba was a trouble maker who rejected David’s right to rule and lead a revolt against David. 

Sheba is clearly anti David.

Sheba blew a ram’s horn and began to chant:
“Down with the dynasty of David!
We have no interest in the son of Jesse.
Come on, you men of Israel,
back to your homes!”

• The contention between the Israelite and Judean delegations at Gilgal became so heated that a Benjamite by the name of Sheba announced a revolutionary movement against David and led the Israelites to desert the king.

Years later:

Israel’s response to Rehoboam.

This similarity is interesting.

1 Kings 12:16 NLT
¹⁶ When all Israel realized that the king had refused to listen to them, they responded,
“Down with the dynasty of David!
We have no interest in the son of Jesse.
Back to your homes, O Israel!
Look out for your own house, O David!”

Sheba’s revolt foreshadowed the Northern tribes’ revolt by Jeroboam. 

² So all the men of Israel deserted David and followed Sheba son of Bicri.

The rivalry between Judah and Israel escalated.

• The men of Israel deserted David and followed Sheba.

It appears that the disloyalty of the North continued for as long as Sheba was alive.

• Division weakens God’s people. Unity is essential for God’s people to flourish.

A house divided falls

Matthew 12:25 NLT
²⁵ Jesus knew their thoughts and replied, “Any kingdom divided by civil war is doomed. A town or family splintered by feuding will fall apart. 

John 17:20-21 NLT
²⁰ “I am praying not only for these disciples but also for all who will ever believe in me through their message. ²¹ I pray that they will all be one, just as you and I are one—as you are in me, Father, and I am in you. And may they be in us so that the world will believe you sent me. 

But the men of Judah stayed with their king and escorted him from the Jordan River to Jerusalem. 

• David returns to Jerusalem. 

³ When David came to his palace in Jerusalem, he took the ten concubines he had left to look after the palace and placed them in seclusion. Their needs were provided for, but he no longer slept with them. So each of them lived like a widow until she died.

Review:

2 Samuel 16:21-22 NLT
²¹ Ahithophel told him, (Absalom) “Go and sleep with your father’s concubines, for he has left them here to look after the palace. Then all Israel will know that you have insulted your father beyond hope of reconciliation, and they will throw their support to you.” ²² So they set up a tent on the palace roof where everyone could see it, and Absalom went in and had sex with his father’s concubines.

By doing this Absalom made it clear that he was claiming the throne.

• By taking back the ten concubines he had left behind, David was symbolically reclaiming the throne.

David reclaimed what had belonged to him as king.

David confined his concubines to a life of abstinence because of their sexual relations with Absalom.

• Consequences of sin linger. David’s household bears scars from Absalom’s rebellion. 

⁴ Then the king told Amasa,

• Amasa had been commander of Absalom’s army (2 Samuel 17:25) (Treason)

2 Samuel 19:13 NLT
¹³ And David told them to tell Amasa, “Since you are my own flesh and blood, like Joab, may God strike me and even kill me if I do not appoint you as commander of my army in his place.”

• Amasa was appointed commander of King David’s army in place of Joab.

David sought to unify the kingdom and offered Amasa the position of commander over his army, replacing Joab, who had disobeyed David by killing Absalom.  David thought that this would be seem favorably by the ten tribes. 

“Mobilize the army of Judah within three days, and report back at that time.” ⁵ So Amasa went out to notify Judah, but it took him longer than the time he had been given.

• David instructed Amasa to reorganize the army of Judah within three days and put down Sheba’s revolt.

David wanted to immediately put down Sheba’s revolt, but Amasa was unable to accomplish in such a short period of time. 

⁶ Then David said to Abishai, 

• Abishai frequently served as second in command.

Abishai was David’s nephew (the son of Zeruiah, David’s sister) and a brother of Joab (also a nephew of David and a son of Zeruiah)

Review

A three tongued attack was a customary military strategy.

2 Samuel 18:2 NLT
² He sent the troops out in three groups, placing one group under Joab, one under Joab’s brother Abishai son of Zeruiah, and one under Ittai, the man from Gath.  

“Sheba son of Bicri is going to hurt us more than Absalom did. Quick, take my troops and chase after him before he gets into a fortified town where we can’t reach him.”

• When Amasa failed to follow David’s orders, David appointed Joab’s brother Abishai as commander of his forces and instructed him to chase after Sheba.

David’s troops:

David’s personal body guard.
The royal guard.
Mostly foreigners. 

⁷ So Abishai and Joab, 

Abishai and Joab often worked together.

together with the king’s bodyguard and all the mighty warriors, set out from Jerusalem to go after Sheba. 

David’s personal body guard.

⁸ As they arrived at the great stone in Gibeon, Amasa met them.

• Abishai’s troops met up with Amasa’s troops. 

Joab was wearing his military tunic with a dagger strapped to his belt. As he stepped forward to greet Amasa, he slipped the dagger from its sheath. 

⁹ “How are you, my cousin?” Joab said and took him by the beard with his right hand as though to kiss him. 

Joab and Amasa were first cousins.

Taking someone by the beard  was a sign of greeting.

Pretending to greet Amasa warmly, Joab killed him with his dagger.

Review:

Previously Joab killed Abner.

Abner was the commander of Saul’s army.
Abner was Saul’s cousin.
Abner was instrumental in setting up Ish-bosheth as king over most of Israel.

2 Samuel 3:27 NLT
²⁷ When Abner arrived back at Hebron, Joab took him aside at the gateway as if to speak with him privately. But then he stabbed Abner in the stomach and killed him in revenge for killing his brother Asahel. 

Abner killed Asahel not out of cruelty or desire for honor, but in self-defense during battle (in a battle between Israel and Judah) , after Asahel refused to stop the pursuit.

Previously Joab killed Absalom.

Absalom was David’s son.

2 Samuel 18:14 NLT
¹⁴ “Enough of this nonsense,” Joab said. Then he took three daggers and plunged them into Absalom’s heart as he dangled, still alive, in the great tree. 

¹⁰ Amasa didn’t notice the dagger in his left hand, and Joab stabbed him in the stomach with it so that his insides gushed out onto the ground. Joab did not need to strike again, and Amasa soon died.

• Joab murders Amasa.

Joab and his brother Abishai left him lying there and continued after Sheba. 

¹¹ One of Joab’s young men shouted to Amasa’s troops, “If you are for Joab and David, come and follow Joab.” 

• Joab reassumes command of the army on his own initiative. 

¹² But Amasa lay in his blood in the middle of the road, and Joab’s man saw that everyone was stopping to stare at him. So he pulled him off the road into a field and threw a cloak over him. 

• To keep Amasa’s dead body from distracting the troops, one of Joab’s men pulled him off the road into a field and threw a cloak over him. 

¹³ With Amasa’s body out of the way, everyone went on with Joab to capture Sheba son of Bicri.

 

 

 

David’s Return to Jerusalem (after Absalom’s rebellion).

Introduction:

1^st and 2^nd Samuel

The story of Israel’s transition from the time of the judges to the rise of the Monarchy.

The story of:

Samuel

Israel demanding a king

Saul’s rise and fall

David’s reign – his success, sins, family tragedies, and God’s covenant with him.

Civil wars and conflicts in Israel.

 

2 Samuel 19: 31-43 NLT
David’s Return to Jerusalem (after Absalom’s rebellion). 

David’s Kindness to Barzillai
³¹ Barzillai of Gilead had come down from Rogelim to escort the king across the Jordan. ³² He was very old—eighty years of age—and very wealthy. He was the one who had provided food for the king during his stay in Mahanaim. ³³ “Come across with me and live in Jerusalem,” the king said to Barzillai. “I will take care of you there.”
³⁴ “No,” he replied, “I am far too old to go with the king to Jerusalem. ³⁵ I am eighty years old today, and I can no longer enjoy anything. Food and wine are no longer tasty, and I cannot hear the singers as they sing. I would only be a burden to my lord the king. ³⁶ Just to go across the Jordan River with the king is all the honor I need! ³⁷ Then let me return again to die in my own town, where my father and mother are buried. But here is your servant, my son Kimham. Let him go with my lord the king and receive whatever you want to give him.”
³⁸ “Good,” the king agreed. “Kimham will go with me, and I will help him in any way you would like. And I will do for you anything you want.” ³⁹ So all the people crossed the Jordan with the king. After David had blessed Barzillai and kissed him, Barzillai returned to his own home.
⁴⁰ The king then crossed over to Gilgal, taking Kimham with him. All the troops of Judah and half the troops of Israel escorted the king on his way.

The Quarrel between Judah and Israel
⁴¹ But all the men of Israel complained to the king, “The men of Judah stole the king and didn’t give us the honor of helping take you, your household, and all your men across the Jordan.”
⁴² The men of Judah replied, “The king is one of our own kinsmen. Why should this make you angry? We haven’t eaten any of the king’s food or received any special favors!”
⁴³ “But there are ten tribes in Israel,” the others replied. “So we have ten times as much right to the king as you do. What right do you have to treat us with such contempt? Weren’t we the first to speak of bringing him back to be our king again?” The argument continued back and forth, and the men of Judah spoke even more harshly than the men of Israel.

Examine the Scriptures

2 Samuel 19: 31-43 NLT

David’s Return to Jerusalem (after Absalom’s rebellion).

Quick review:

Absalom conspires against David.

David flees Jerusalem.

Absalom enters Jerusalem.

Absalom pursues David

Absalom’s defeat and death.

David’s return to power.

David’s Kindness to Barzillai  

³¹ Barzillai of Gilead 

Gilead was part of Manasseh’s territory on the east side of the Jordan.

When the Promised Land was divided among the twelve tribes of Israel, the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh received territory to the east of the Jordan. Their inheritance was largely comprised of the land of Gilead. Gad received “all the towns of Gilead”. (Joshua 13:24-25)

In some passages of Scripture, the terms Gilead and Gad are used interchangeably. (Got Questions)

had come down from Rogelim to escort the king across the Jordan. 

 It was located in Gilead, east of the Jordan River (2 Samuel 17:27). 

²⁷ When David arrived at Mahanaim, he was warmly greeted by Shobi son of Nahash, who came from Rabbah of the Ammonites, and by Makir son of Ammiel from Lo-debar, and by Barzillai of Gilead from Rogelim. 

The exact site is uncertain today, but it was likely in the territory of Gad, near Mahanaim (where David stayed during his exile). 

³² He was very old—eighty years of age—and very wealthy. He was the one who had provided food for the king during his stay in Mahanaim. 

Barzillai of Gilead had provided David with supplies when he was staying at Mahanaim.

During David’s exile, he provided food and support (2 Sam. 17:27–29). His loyalty in crisis demonstrates true friendship and covenant faithfulness.

An aged wealthy benefactor of David, yet very little is known about him.

2 Samuel 17:27-29 NLT
²⁷ When David arrived at Mahanaim, he was warmly greeted by Shobi son of Nahash, who came from Rabbah of the Ammonites, and by Makir son of Ammiel from Lo-debar, and by Barzillai of Gilead from Rogelim. ²⁸ They brought sleeping mats, cooking pots, serving bowls, wheat and barley, flour and roasted grain, beans, lentils, ²⁹ honey, butter, sheep, goats, and cheese for David and those who were with him. For they said, “You must all be very hungry and tired and thirsty after your long march through the wilderness.”

³³ “Come across with me and live in Jerusalem,” the king said to Barzillai. “I will take care of you there.”

• David acknowledged Barzillai of Gilead for his loyalty, generosity, friendship, and faithfulness.

• Grateful to the 80-year-old for all his goodness, David invited Barzillai to move to Jerusalem where he would take care of him for the remainder of his life. 

 ³⁴ “No,” he replied, “I am far too old to go with the king to Jerusalem. ³⁵ I am eighty years old today, and I can no longer enjoy anything. Food and wine are no longer tasty, and I cannot hear the singers as they sing. I would only be a burden to my lord the king. 

Some things are no longer important to an 80 year old.

He cannot enjoy royal pleasures—feasting, singing, and court life. His humility shows wisdom: he is content to live quietly, near his family, and die in his hometown.

³⁶ Just to go across the Jordan River with the king is all the honor I need! ³⁷ Then let me return again to die in my own town, where my father and mother are buried.

• Barzillai preferred to live out his days in his own land.

But here is your servant, my son Kimham. Let him go with my lord the king and receive whatever you want to give him.”

• Barzillai suggested that his son (or close servant) go in his place and receive what David was offering to him.

³⁸ “Good,” the king agreed. “Kimham will go with me, and I will help him in any way you would like. And I will do for you anything you want.” 

• David was more than willing to help out the son of Barzillai.

David’s final instructions to Solomon.

1 Kings 2:7 NLT
⁷ “Be kind to the sons of Barzillai of Gilead. Make them permanent guests at your table, for they took care of me when I fled from your brother Absalom.

³⁹ So all the people crossed the Jordan with the king. After David had blessed Barzillai and kissed him, Barzillai returned to his own home.

David honors Barzillai’s request and publicly kisses him (a sign of deep affection and respect). Barzillai departs, while Kimham joins David. This shows David’s generosity and his ability to honor faithful supporters. 

⁴⁰ The king then crossed over to Gilgal, taking Kimham with him.

A politically significant location.

This is where the people had proclaimed Saul king (1 Samuel 11:15) and Samuel later announced the end of Saul’s reign (1 Samuel 13:13-15).

• David and the people who were with him at that time cross over the Jordan River to Gilgal.
• David’s kingship has a new beginning at Gilgal.

 All the troops of Judah and half the troops of Israel escorted the king on his way.

It appears that the men of Judah, David’s own tribe, take the lead in bringing him back across the Jordan.

• It appears that David left Mahanaim and came to the Jordan without allowing time for all the Northern tribes to come and accompany him across the Jordan River.

At Gilgal, David and his entourage were met by a throng of citizens from both Judah and Israel.

The Quarrel between Judah and Israel

Rising tensions among the tribes of Israel.

⁴¹ But all the men of Israel complained to the king, “The men of Judah stole the king and didn’t give us the honor of helping take you, your household, and all your men across the Jordan.”

• The men of Israel (the northern tribes) feel slighted, accusing Judah of monopolizing David. They claim equal rights to him as their king. The complaint highlights simmering tribal rivalries.

It seems that David left Mahanaim and came to the Jordan without allowing time for all the Northern tribes to come and accompany him across the Jordan River.

Apparently the men of Judah did not wait for the men of Israel help to escort David and his men across the Jordan River. 

⁴² The men of Judah replied, “The king is one of our own kinsmen. Why should this make you angry? We haven’t eaten any of the king’s food or received any special favors!”

• The men of Judah argues that since David is from their tribe, it was natural for them to take the lead. They insist they gained no special benefit. 

⁴³ “But there are ten tribes in Israel,” the others replied. “So we have ten times as much right to the king as you do.

Their thinking was that 10 tribes should be more important to the king than 1 tribe. (or Judah and Simeon)

Israel claims a larger share (ten tribes versus Judah), insisting their rights outweigh Judah’s.

• The dispute grows heated, foreshadowing the eventual split of the kingdom under Rehoboam (1 Kings 12).

Remember, it was God’s plan for David to be the King of Israel.

2 Samuel 3:17-18 NLT
¹⁷ Meanwhile, Abner had consulted with the elders of Israel. “For some time now,” he told them, “you have wanted to make David your king. ¹⁸ Now is the time! For the Lord has said, ‘I have chosen David to save my people Israel from the hands of the Philistines and from all their other enemies.’”

2 Samuel 5:2 NLT
² In the past, when Saul was our king, you were the one who really led the forces of Israel. And the Lord told you, ‘You will be the shepherd of my people Israel. You will be Israel’s leader.’” 

What right do you have to treat us with such contempt? Weren’t we the first to speak of bringing him back to be our king again?”

Background:

2 Samuel 19:9-15 NLT
⁹ And throughout all the tribes of Israel there was much discussion and argument going on. The people were saying, “The king rescued us from our enemies and saved us from the Philistines, but Absalom chased him out of the country. ¹⁰ Now Absalom, whom we anointed to rule over us, is dead. Why not ask David to come back and be our king again?” 

¹¹ Then King David sent Zadok and Abiathar, the priests, to say to the elders of Judah, “Why are you the last ones to welcome back the king into his palace? For I have heard that all Israel is ready. ¹² You are my relatives, my own tribe, my own flesh and blood! So why are you the last ones to welcome back the king?” ¹³ And David told them to tell Amasa, “Since you are my own flesh and blood, like Joab, may God strike me and even kill me if I do not appoint you as commander of my army in his place.”
¹⁴ Then Amasa convinced all the men of Judah, and they responded unanimously. They sent word to the king, “Return to us, and bring back all who are with you.”

The argument continued back and forth, and the men of Judah spoke even more harshly than the men of Israel.

• The schism between Israel and Judah was becoming more pronounced.

Remember how this all started:

2 Samuel 15:2-6 NLT
² He (Absalom) got up early every morning and went out to the gate of the city. When people brought a case to the king for judgment, Absalom would ask where in Israel they were from, and they would tell him their tribe. ³ Then Absalom would say, “You’ve really got a strong case here! It’s too bad the king doesn’t have anyone to hear it. ⁴ I wish I were the judge. Then everyone could bring their cases to me for judgment, and I would give them justice!”
⁵ When people tried to bow before him, Absalom wouldn’t let them. Instead, he took them by the hand and kissed them. ⁶ Absalom did this with everyone who came to the king for judgment, and so he stole the hearts of all the people of Israel.

2 Samuel 16:15 NLT
¹⁵ Meanwhile, Absalom and all the army of Israel arrived at Jerusalem, accompanied by Ahithophel.

This dispute reflects the roots of the division that eventually split Judah and Israel into separate nations.

Relationships do not improve in chapter 20.